Iglasi elenziwe umuntu
Ingilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu ingenye yezinto zakudala ezaziwayo zokulingisa ezisetshenziselwa ukuphindaphinda ukubukeka kwamatshe ayigugu angempela. Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, abantu baye basebenza ngengilazi ukuze bakhiqize kabusha ukucwazimula nokukhanya kwamatshe emvelo, bezama ukubonisa ubuhle bawo ngezindleko ezifinyeleleka kalula. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lingakhohlisa iso elingaqeqeshiwe, umehluko phakathi kwengilazi eyenziwe umuntu namatshe ayigugu ayiqiniso ngokuvamile ubonakala ngokucacile kochwepheshe, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zomzimba namakhemikhali. Amasu ayo okukhiqiza athuthuke kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, akhombisa intuthuko kwezobuciko, ukushintshana kwamasiko, kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe.
Thenga amatshe ayigugu emvelo esitolo sethu
Uma kuziwa ekuboneni ingilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu njengokulingisa itshe eliyigugu, izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zenza lo msebenzi uqonde. Uma kuqhathaniswa namaminerali angempela, ingilazi inobulukhuni obuphansi ngokuphawulekayo, okuholela endaweni eklwebheka kalula. Ukucwebezela kwayo kuvame ukuhluka futhi, kuntula ukujula nobunkimbinkimbi obutholakala ematsheni amaningi emvelo. Okufakiwe ngaphakathi kwengilazi—ngokuvamile amabhamuza amancane—kuvame ukuhluka kakhulu kulawo atholakala kumagugu angempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingilazi ingancibilika emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwayo kube lula futhi kungabi nezinsizakusebenza kakhulu kunamatshe ayigugu emvelo.
Naphezu kokuba ingilazi yokulingisa enesizotha, ingilazi eyenziwe umuntu isadlala indima evelele embonini yobucwebe bemfashini. Eqinisweni, ibusa izingxenye ezinkulu zemakethe, kokubili ngokomthamo kanye nenani eliphelele lezezimali. Ukufinyeleleka kwayo, ukukhiqiza kalula, nokuguquguquka ekubumbeni nasekufakeni imibala kwenza ikhange kakhulu kubakhiqizi bobucwebe bemakethe enkulu, iqinisekisa ukuthi ingilazi iyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke kwemihlobiso yokuhlobisa.
Umlando
Ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu kwaqala ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi yakhiwa kusukela ngo-3500 BC eMesopotamiya, lapho izingcweti kungenzeka ukuthi zaziphindaphinda amasu nezitayela ezazibolekwe kubakhi bezingilazi baseGibhithe. Kukholakala ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuqala bengilazi bavela ezindaweni ezisogwini enyakatho yeSyria, eMesophothamiya, noma eGibhithe, okufaka isandla esikweni elinamandla lokwenza ingilazi elalizokhula kancane kancane liye emasikweni amaningi.
Iziqalo
Izinto zakuqala ezaziwa ngengilazi, ezisukela maphakathi nenkulungwane yesibili BC, ikakhulukazi zazihlanganisa ubuhlalu. Okunye kwalokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kudalwe ngengozi njengemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngensimbi noma ngokukhiqizwa kwe-faience—i-vitreous material engeyona ingilazi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izingcweti zafunda ukulawula ukushisisa nokupholisa kwezinto ezincibilikisiwe ukuze kuzuzwe izimo nemibala efiselekayo. Ekuqaleni izinto ezingavamile futhi eziyigugu, izinto zengilazi zazivame ukuhlonishwa njengezinto zokunethezeka phakathi kwemiphakathi yasendulo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuciko
Njengoba izindlela zokwenza ingilazi zithuthuka, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwakhula. Kodwa-ke, ukuwa kwempucuko yeBronze Age kwayimisa okwesikhashana intuthuko yokukhiqiza ingilazi. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi wezandla waphinde wavela futhi wadlondlobala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-India cishe ngo-1730 BC, futhi wangena eShayina yasendulo, lapho wabhekana khona nokuncintisana okuvela emasikweni asevele asekelwe kahle ezinto zobumba nezinsimbi.
Ukusabalala Kwamasiko
Ekugcineni, uMbuso WaseRoma waba isizinda esibalulekile sokusabalalisa nokucwengisiswa kwengilazi, ukhiqiza inqwaba yezimpahla zengilazi abavubukuli abaqhubeka bezithola. Emakhulwini eminyaka, izinto zengilazi zasabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nangale kwalokho, zibonisa uchungechunge lokuhwebelana ngamasiko, inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kobuciko. Isifunda ngasinye sashintsha umsebenzi wezandla ukuze uvumelane nezinto ezithandwayo zendawo, izidingo, namasiko enkolo noma omphakathi.
Iglasi elenziwe umuntu
Ingilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu kwezobucwebe
Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nasezimbonini, ingilazi yasheshe yathola indawo ekuhlobiseni komuntu siqu. E-Anglo-Saxon England, isibonelo, ingilazi yayivame ukuvela ezimweni ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa kokubili izindawo zokuhlala nezokungcwaba. Izingcweti zakuqala zama-Anglo-Saxon zahlanganisa ingilazi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto: izitsha, ubuhlalu, amafasitela, nezingcezu zobucwebe eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwangaphambi Kokuhloba
Ngemva kokuhamba kwamaRoma eBrithani ngekhulu lesi-5 AD, ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi kwaba namashifu aphawulekayo. Imivubukulo yenkathi yamaRoma iveze inani elikhulu lezingilazi, kodwa ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sama-Anglo-Saxon, inani lehle kakhulu. Okuningi esikwaziyo ngokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwengilazi ekuhlobiseni kuvela ekumbiweni kwamathuna, ikakhulukazi emathuneni, lapho kwakubekwe khona ubuhlalu bezingilazi nezitsha eduze nomufi. Nokho, lo mkhuba washintsha lapho kufika ubuKristu.
Ukushintsha Izindlela Zokungcwaba
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-7, amasiko aguqukayo okungcwaba phakathi kwama-Christian Anglo-Saxon ayesho ukuthi kwaxhunywa izimpahla ezinkulu nomufi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto zengilazi azivamile ukutholakala emathuneni enkathi yakamuva. Ukushoda kwezinto zobuciko zengilazi ezivela kulezi zimo kungaxhunyaniswa ngokuqondile ne-pivot yamasiko enqubweni yokungcwaba enesizotha, ebonisa izinguquko ezinkolelweni zenkolo, izindinganiso zomphakathi, kanye nezindlela zohwebo.
Amathonya Ezenkolo Nokusetshenziswa Kwezakhiwo
Ngokukhula kwethonya lobuKristu, ukuba khona kwengilazi kwashintsha kusuka ezintweni zokungcwaba kuya ezintweni zokwakha. Ingilazi yefasitela yanda kakhulu emasontweni nasezindlini zezindela, ikhanyisa—kokubili ngokoqobo nangokomfanekiso—ngokubaluleka okukhulayo kwengilazi ezindaweni ezingcwele. Imibhalo ye-Anglo-Saxon yesonto ngezikhathi ezithile ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwengilazi ezakhiweni zenkolo. Ukwengeza, ubucwebe be-Anglo-Saxon bahlanganisa ingilazi endalweni yabo njengoqweqwe lwawo noma njengezinto ezisikwe ngokucophelela, ezihlanganisa ubuciko nokholo zibe imihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ingabe ingilazi eyenziwe umuntu ithathwa njengetshe eliyigugu langempela?
Cha, ingilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu ayilona itshe eliyigugu langempela. Iwumsebenzi wokwenziwa olingisa ukubukeka kwamatshe wangempela kodwa ongenakho ukwakheka kwemvelo kwemvelo, ukwakheka kwekristalu, kanye nobulukhuni besici samagugu angempela.
Ngingabona kanjani ukuthi ucezu lobucwebe luqukethe ingilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu?
Ingilazi eyenziwe umuntu ivamise ukukhombisa amabhamuza amancane, ubulukhuni obuphansi, kanye nohlobo oluhlukile lokucwebezela uma kuqhathaniswa namatshe ayigugu emvelo. Izazi zegemology ezichwepheshile zisebenzisa amathuluzi afana nokuhlola ukukhulisa nokuqina ukuze zibone ingilazi, kodwa ngisho nomthengi oqaphile angase abone umehluko ekucaciseni nasekuzizweni.
Kungani ingilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yobucwebe bemfashini?
Ukufinyeleleka kwayo, ukukhiqizwa kalula, kanye nohlu olubanzi lwemibala nezitayela kwenza ingilazi eyenziwe umuntu ibe yisinqumo esisebenzisekayo sobucwebe bemakethe enkulu. Ivumela abaklami ukuba benze izingcezu ezikhangayo ngezindleko eziphansi kunamatshe ayigugu emvelo amaningi.
Ingabe ingilazi eyenziwe ngumuntu inakho ukubaluleka okuthile kwamasiko?
Ingilazi ngokomlando ibiphethe kokubili ukubaluleka kobuhle namasiko. Nakuba ingabambeli ukutholakala okufanayo noma inani lemali njengamatshe ayigugu emvelo, ngokuvamile ifanekisela ubuciko, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nenkulumo yobuciko, ikakhulukazi emasikweni lapho amasiko okwenza ingilazi ahlala isikhathi eside.
Ingabe ingilazi eyenziwe umuntu ingaphindaphinda ukuqina kwamatshe ayigugu emvelo?
Ngokuvamile, cha. Ingilazi eyenziwe umuntu ivamise ukuba thambile futhi ijwayele ukuklwebheka nokuphuka kunamatshe angempela. Ngenxa yalokho, izingcezu ezenziwe ngengilazi ngokuphelele zingase zingamelani nokugqokwa kwansuku zonke ngokuphumelelayo njengalezo eziqukethe amatshe ayigugu emvelo ahlala isikhathi eside.
Amatshe ayigugu emvelo athengiswa esitolo sethu
